Preservation Ethic: Unspoiled nature should be protected for its own intrinsic value. John Muir, an environmental icon, spent much of his life with this ecocentric viewpoint, “One may as well dam for water tanks the people's cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been."
Conservation Ethic: The consumer conservation ethic is sometimes expressed by the four R's: "Reduce, Recycle, Reuse, Rethink." This social ethic primarily relates to local purchasing, moral purchasing, the sustained and efficient use of renewable resources, the moderation of destructive use of finite resources, and the prevention of harm to common resources such as air and water quality, the natural functions of a living earth, and cultural values in a built environment. Popular amongst the people however when profit is on the table, it is often overlooked.
The Land Ethic: The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land. Aldo Leopold's Land Ethic was published in 1949, he stated, " In short, a land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community
to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such.”
- Instrumental (utilitarian) value: valuing something for its pragmatic benefits by using it.– Animals are valuable because we can eat them
- Intrinsic (inherent) value: valuing something for its own sake because it has a right to exist.– Animals are valuable because they live their own lives
- Anthropocentrism- Only humans have intrinsic value.
- Biocentrism- Some non-human life has intrinsic value.
- Ecocentrism- Whole ecological systems have value.
– A holistic perspective that preserves connections
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